Anti-estrogenicity and anti-androgenicity in Swedish landfill leachates from solid waste deposition sites

..............................................................................................................................................................................4 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................5 Endogenous estrogens and their effects...........................................................................................................................8 Phytoestrogens and mycoestrogens ...............................................................................................................................10 Xenoestrogens ...............................................................................................................................................................10 Anti-estrogens ...............................................................................................................................................................11 Endogenous androgens and their effects .......................................................................................................................12 Phytoandrogens and mycoandrogens ............................................................................................................................13 Xenoandrogens..............................................................................................................................................................14 Anti-androgens..............................................................................................................................................................14 Sources of estrogens and androgens in the aquatic environment...................................................................................16 Excretion of steroids......................................................................................................................................................16 Scope..................................................................................................................................................................................17 Materials and Methods ....................................................................................................................................................17 Sampling of landfill leachates .......................................................................................................................................17 Sample preparation........................................................................................................................................................18 Preparation of solutions and media for the different assays ..........................................................................................19 Agonistic activity assays ...............................................................................................................................................20 Antagonistic activity assays ..........................................................................................................................................21 Fractionation of landfill leachates .................................................................................................................................22 Data treatments and calculations of EC50 ......................................................................................................................23 Statistical methods.........................................................................................................................................................24 Results and Discussion .....................................................................................................................................................24 Anti-estrogenic activities...............................................................................................................................................24 Anti-androgenic activities .............................................................................................................................................29 Comparison of hormone disrupting activities in landfill leachates................................................................................31 Antagonistic activities in fractions of landfill leachates ................................................................................................32 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................................................................34 Acknowledgements ...........................................................................................................................................................35 References .........................................................................................................................................................................36